Si L’Europe peut se référer à la Grèce antique pour la démocratie et à Rome antique pour l’idée républicaine, on ne trouve rien de ce genre dans l’histoire de l’Orient en générale et dans histoire de l’Iran en particulière. Cependant autant qu’un iranien je refuse l’idée de despotisme orientale inventée par Montesquieu et développée par Marx et Witfogel, dans l’histoire d’Iran sauf pour la partie post-islamiste où les Turco-mongoles régnaient en despote plénitude. Sinon les rois perses, de Hacamènide à la fin des Sassanides éclatés par l’invasion arabe dans les années 630, se désignaient par une assemblée des nobles et de la famille royale, devant respecter des règles morales, religieuse et coutumières, jouissant en générale d’un pouvoir charismatique qui selon Max Weber constitue une de trois sortes de pouvoir légitime. Si bien que les ouvriers autochtone et étrangers qui s’employaient dans la construction de la Persépolis ont été correctement payés et pays conquis étaient libres en ce qui concernait leur religion et leurs coutumes. En plus Cyrus le grand fondateur de la dynastie Hacamènide a été également le fondateur du premier chartre de Droit de l’homme, et loin de tout despotisme il était et est considéré comme un prophète par certains historiens. A l’époque des Achkanides, la dynastie qui s’est formé juste après le 70 ans de règne des Grecs, sous l’influence de la culture hellénique ou autre il existait une assemblée élue qui s’appelait «Mahéstan» (des grands) et le pays s’administrait d’une façon fédérale. Toutes ces idées se perdent sous l’influence des termes comme umma et le communautarisme islamique.

This paper states with an effort to bring some clarity to the basic assumptions underlying the new security agenda: a more comprehensive concept of security on that tackles new and old threats. The author’s argument for security today rest on two basic pillars: traditional security threats including interstate rivalry and the use of force, the new and non-traditional threats like economic human right military and environmental issues. While sources of instability are many the analysis starts with problem of economic security first, from the perspective of Mercantilism. He underscores the fact that how economic activity of a state could effect the international security and how in the age of modern global economy, the extraordinary mutual connectedness of states on economic issue could decrease their independence and freedom of choice. (The two concepts of vulnerability and resilience). In reviewing new threats he cites the environmental concerns factored into security. He believes that the central challenge for the time being is to fashion a new understanding of security and what sovereignty means. He finally examines the matter of development civil society and human rights. In conclusion, he reaffirms the responsibility of states in respecting regulating and monitoring international obligations.

This article attempts to analyze the concepts of “Rent” and its effect on different parts of a state’s political, economic and social affairs. The author presents the negative aspects of mob politics and rentier states. In this regard it is assumed that rentier states could challenge democracy. So it is verified that state relations with their societies could be very vulnerable in a rentier atmosphere. Economic development and political progress will be stopped in a rentier state. The rent could come by some mineral investment similar to petrol and gas which could address issues like immigration, poverty, and addiction.

This research attempts to find the main roots of terrorism which could be found in the context of interventions by foreign countries in the Middle East. After the events of September 11, combat with terrorism became one of most important issues in international affairs. As it is assumed that the roots of this new terrorism in the form of Al-Qaeda could be found in Middle East, the best understanding of regional questions and its effects could help us to have a good image of the construction of terrorism. The main idea of the author is that the big-power policies and methods toward Middle Eastern countries is one of the important reasons for the construction of international terrorism. The main idea of this research is that to resolve the question of terrorism we must pay more attention to the cultural issues of the region and to diminish the role of foreign powers in the region.